Well, LDN, I spent some time on this one and am concerned on several levels. The information is given below but I would like to know how long you have been on this medication?
1 x 25 mg Chlorpromazine
Summary
Chlorpromazine is a strong serotonin antagonist. A serotonin antagonist, or serotonin receptor antagonist, is a drug used to inhibit the action at serotonin (5-HT) receptors. Wiki
A strong blocker of serotonin receptor 5 HT2.
Use of Chlorpromazine decreased hyperactivity syndrome in rats for the first 4 days of use then caused an increase in hyperactivity syndrome.
Depressed functional serotonin or depleting serotonin levels in rat brains.
Levels of 5-HT, but not those of dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA), dopamine or norepinephrine, were significantly decreased.
Treatment with chlorpromazine alone for 14 days decreased the density of 5-HT2 receptor binding sites in rat cortex.
Genetic make up determines the dependent behavioral and cerebral effects by chlorpromazine.
Increases ATP transport through membranes. Note - ATP is a major carrier for electron energy for most parts of our bodies metabolism.
Chlorpromazine inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) in HIT-T15 beta-cells. (Beta Cells produce insulin. This demonstrates the effect of Chlorpromazine on K+ channels and ATP concentration/activity. K+ channels are found throughout many cellular membranes in the human body. K+ channels, potassium channels allow certain compounds into/out of cells.
Chlorpromazine can cause Cholestasis. Cholestasis is a condition caused by rapidly developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) interruption in the excretion of bile (a digestive fluid that helps the body process fat).
Both doses of chlorpromazine caused significant and parallel decreases (23 to 31%) in the ATP and ADP hydrolysis. (ATP hydrolysis is the breakdown process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the ATP is released , for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. ) (ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give off more energy which is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction,)
Chlorpromazine inhibits HERG potassium channels. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart: the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing IKr current in the cardiac action potential, which helps coordinate the heart's beating. When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome.
Hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) for Chlorpromazine and consisted of nflammation/hepatitis, cholestasis, and liver proliferation in all five donors, as well as fibrosis and steatosis, which were observed in four of five donors. Necrosis was present in three of five donors, and an indicative symptom of cirrhosis was observed after long-term 14-day repeat treatment, also in three of five donors.
Granular changes are found in the lens and cornea of patients who had received high dosages of chlorpromazine for a prolonged period of time. These changes were noted in 49 of 131 patients, some of whom had received chlorpromazine for as long as nine years.
Numerous annoying and sometimes harmful side reactions involving many of the body systems have been reported on relative shortterm therapy. Greiner and Berry described a metallic discoloration of the skin of the exposed areas of the face, neck and hands in 70 patients. In 12 of the most severely affected individuals they also noticed grossly visible granular deposits in the posterior cornea and the anterior lens.
Research has showed an increase in glutamate level in each brain region investigated following long‐term administration, but only in the cerebral cortex after a single dose. GABA levels showed an increase in the brainstem only in acute experiments. Glutamine synthetase activity was increased in all three regions after a single dose and only in cerebral cortex after long‐term administration. Glutaminase activity showed a decrease in cerebral cortex only after long‐term administration of the drug. These results suggest the possible occurrence of a state of increased excitability in the brain as a result of long‐term (21 days) administration of chlorpromazine, thus contributing to the known complication of seizures.
Thirty patients on long‐term treatment with chlorpromazine in moderate doses showed deposits in the lens, and the majority of the patients also showed deposits in the cornea. These deposits did not increase in the 13 patients who continued on chlorpromazine during an observation period of 31/2 years. Thus, when chlorpromazine is used in moderate doses, the deposits in the eyes seem to increase only up to a certain extent. Twelve patients who were switched over to thioridazine showed no change in the deposition in the lens and cornea after the observation period, indicating that the deposits are irreversible.
Research
https://www.ncbi.nlm...ubmed/10221364\
Reports of cases treated with the 5-HT2 blockers cyproheptadine and chlorpromazine were identified and analysed. There is some evidence suggesting the efficacy of chlorpromazine and cyproheptadine in the treatment of serotonin syndrome.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...v/pubmed/264797
The hyperactivity syndrome produced in rats by administration of tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg i.p.) followed 30 min later by L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg i.p.) is generally considered to be due to increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) functional activity. It is inhibited by chlorpromazine (30 mg/kg i.p.) injected 60 min before the tranylcypromine. However, chlorpromazine injection for 4 days either at a dose of 30 mg/kg once daily or 5 mg/kg twice daily results in an enhanced hyperactivity response to tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan administration 24 h after the final dose of chlorpromazine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...v/pubmed/156373
Effects of brain serotonin alterations on hypothermia produced by chlorpromazine in rats.
Abstract
Depressing functional serotonin or depleting serotonin levels in rat brains with either p-chlorophenylalanine, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or raphe lesions greatly enhanced hypothermia induced by chloropromazine (CPZ). Depressing the firing of raphe units or decreasing serotonin turnover in the brain with either a serotonin precursor (tryptophan) or the inhibitors of serotonin re-uptake (Lilly 1 10140 and chlorimipramine) also greatly enhanced the CPZ-induced hypothermia. The data indicate that serotonergic activity in the brain plays a role in the elaboration or modulation of CPZ hypothermia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/9195199
Gen Pharmacol. 1997 Jul;29(1):91-6.
Serotonin depletion after prolonged chlorpromazine treatment in a simpler model system.
Abstract
1. Prolonged exposure of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis to micromolar concentrations of chlorpromazine (CPZ) results in marked changes in the serotonin (5-HT) content of the central nervous system. 2. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection indicates that levels of 5-HT, but not those of dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA), dopamine or norepinephrine, were significantly decreased (e.g., to less than 40% of normal after 30 days of exposure to 1 microM CPZ in the bathing water). 3. Glyoxylate-induced fluorescence was depressed to undetectable levels in central, serotonergic neurons. 4. Performance of 5-HT-dependent motor behaviors was impaired. 5. The present results, in accord with earlier studies on the effects of chronic exposure to haloperidol, suggest that previously overlooked mechanisms of monoamine downregulation may contribute to long-term effects of antipsychotic drugs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/6694512
Life Sci. 1984 Jan 2;34(1):87-92.
Reduction of serotonin-2 receptors in rat cerebral cortex after subchronic administration of imipramine, chlorpromazine, and the combination thereof.
Abstract
Combined administration of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs has been reported to have a synergistic effect in the treatment of psychotic depression. The effects of subchronic administration of imipramine, chlorpromazine, or the combination, on serotonin 2 (5-HT2) receptors labeled by 3H-spiroperidol in rat cerebral cortex were studied to determine whether this synergism might be related to an effect on these receptors, which have been linked to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Treatment with imipramine or chlorpromazine alone for 14 days decreased the density of 5-HT2 receptor binding sites in rat cortex; the combination of the two drugs produced a greater reduction in 5-HT2 binding sites than imipramine or chlorpromazine alone. Thus, the clinical synergism of this combination may be related, in part to the more extensive decrease in 5-HT2 binding sites it produces. The ability of chlorpromazine alone to decrease 5-HT2 binding sites might be relevant to reports that it has an independent antidepressant action.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/1745440
Neurotoxicology. 1991 Fall;12(3):571-81.
Neurotoxicity of chlorpromazine and modulation by amantadine as a function of mouse strain.
Abstract
The separate and combined effects of successive administration of amantadine, 100 mg/kg, i.p., and chlorpromazine, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p., on motor activity and whole brain levels of certain biogenic amines and major metabolites were studied in four strains of mice. These were the albino ICR, the inbred BALB/C, C57BL/6 and the hybrid CDF-I mice. Amantadine produced a strain-dependent behavioral stimulation subsequent the fourth dose. This was apparent in ICR and C57BL/6 mouse strains and was followed by a behavioral depression phase occurring during the night in C57BL/6 mice which was antagonized by chlorpromazine. Administration of chlorpromazine alone affected only CDF-1 mouse mobility. Chlorpromazine reduced only ICR mouse brain dopamine without concomitant changes in major acid metabolites. Repeated administration of amantadine prior to chlorpromazine negated this effect. Chlorpromazine enhancement of BALB/C brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was antagonised by pretreatment with amantadine. This antagonism was also evident in BALB/C mouse brain dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The results suggest genotypic-dependent behavioral and cerebral effects by the drugs studied. The antagonism between amantadine and chlorpromazine on brain amines may explain the therapeutic efficacy of amantadine in modulating chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal disorders.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/4087179
J Pharm Sci. 1985 Nov;74(11):1188-91.
Influence of chlorpromazine on the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine by interaction with ATP.
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine accumulates at pH 6.0 when ATP is present on one side of an artificial lipoidal barrier. In the presence of chlorpromazine, the diffusion of ATP through the barrier and a decrease in the accumulation of serotonin can be noted. The diffusion rate constants of ATP and serotonin are related to the concentration of chlorpromazine.
Note - ATP is a major carrier for electron energy for most parts of our bodies metabolism.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/1680711
Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 May 30;198(1):101-4.
Chlorpromazine and related phenothiazines inhibit the ATP-sensitive K+ channel.
Abstract
Whole-cell, current clamp, single channel recordings and 86Rb+ flux techniques were used to show that phenothiazines inhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) in HIT-T15 beta-cells. Chlorpromazine inhibition was observed when KATP channels were activated by ATP depletion or by direct treatment with a classical KATP channel opener, diazoxide. The order of potency of the phenothiazines tested was chlorpromazine greater than triflupromazine greater than fluphenazine greater than trifluopromazine with IC50 values of 1, 4, 6 and 20 microM, respectively. The inhibition was reversible.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...pubmed/23175273
Hepatology. 2013 Apr;57(4):1518-29. doi: 10.1002/hep.26160. Epub 2013 Mar 4.
Oxidative stress plays a major role in chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis in human HepaRG cells.
Cholestasis is a condition caused by rapidly developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) interruption in the excretion of bile (a digestive fluid that helps the body process fat).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.../pubmed/2101062
Braz J Med Biol Res. 1990;23(10):969-73.
Effects of chronic treatment with high doses of chlorpromazine on ATP and ADP hydrolysis by synaptosomal fractions from the rat caudate nucleus.
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that chlorpromazine and its metabolites affect ATP hydrolysis by brain and liver plasma membranes in vitro. The present report examines whether chronic treatment (12 days) with high doses of chlorpromazine (10 and 40 mg/kg) could affect ATP and ADP hydrolysis by synaptosomal fractions from the rat caudate nucleus. Both doses of chlorpromazine caused significant and parallel decreases (23 to 31%) in the ATP and ADP hydrolysis. The parallelism between the effects of chlorpromazine on ATP and ADP hydrolysis suggests the participation of a single enzyme (ATP diphosphohydrolase) in nucleotide hydrolysis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...les/PMC1573882/
The antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine inhibits HERG potassium channels.
Note - This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart: the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing IKr current in the cardiac action potential, which helps coordinate the heart's beating.
When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited or compromised, either by application of drugs or by rare mutations in some families, it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome. Conversely, genetic mutations that increase the current through these channels can lead to the related inherited heart rhythm disorder Short QT syndrome. A number of clinically successful drugs in the market have had the tendency to inhibit hERG, lengthening the QT and potentially leading to a fatal irregularity of the heartbeat (a ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes). This has made hERG inhibition an important antitarget that must be avoided during drug development.
https://www.ncbi.nlm...pubmed/23913027
Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Oct;41(10):1835-42. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.052415. Epub 2013 Aug 2.
Transcriptomic hepatotoxicity signature of chlorpromazine after short- and long-term exposure in primary human sandwich cultures.
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is the most frequent reason for market withdrawal of approved drugs, and is difficult to predict in animal models. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic data derived from short- and long-term cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHH) exposed to the well known human hepatotoxin chlorpromazine (CPZ). Samples were collected from five PHH cultures after short-term (1 and 3 days) and long-term (14 days) repeat daily treatment with 0.1 or 0.2 µM CPZ, corresponding to C(max). Two PHH cultures were additionally treated with 1 µM CPZ, and the three others with 0.02 µM CPZ. Differences in the total number of gene changes were seen between donors and throughout treatment. Specific transcriptomic hepatotoxicity signatures were created for CPZ and consisted of inflammation/hepatitis, cholestasis, and liver proliferation in all five donors, as well as fibrosis and steatosis, which were observed in four of five donors. Necrosis was present in three of five donors, and an indicative signature of cirrhosis was observed after long-term 14-day repeat treatment, also in three of five donors. The inter-donor variability in the inflammatory response to CPZ treatment was associated with variability in the strength of the response of the transcriptomic hepatotoxicity signatures, suggesting that features of inflammation could be related to the idiosyncratic hepatotoxic effects of CPZ in humans.
https://jamanetwork....abstract/627974
Ocular Changes Associated With Long-Term Chlorpromazine Therapy
Abstract
This paper reports characteristic granular changes found in the lens and cornea of patients who had received high dosages of chlorpromazine for a prolonged period of time. These changes were noted in 49 of 131 patients, some of whom had received chlorpromazine for as long as nine years.
Numerous annoying and sometimes harmful side reactions involving many of the body systems have been reported on relative shortterm therapy.1-4 Long-term effects have been reported only recently.5,6 Greiner and Berry described a violaceous, metallic discoloration of the skin of the exposed areas of the face, neck and hands in 70 patients.7 In 12 of the most severely affected individuals they also noticed grossly visible granular deposits in the posterior cornea and the anterior lens
https://onlinelibrar....1987.tb03389.x
Acute and Long‐Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Glutamine Synthetase and Glutaminase in Rat Brain
Abstract
Abstract: The effect of administration of chlorpromazine on the activity of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase and the content of glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different regions of rat brain was studied in an investigation of the possible role of these amino acids in the lowering of the seizure threshold following prolonged administration of chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight s.c. For the acute study, the animals were killed 20 min after a single injection. For the long‐term study, the animals were treated every day with the same dose for 21 days and were killed 20 min after the last injection. The results showed an increase in glutamate level in each brain region investigated following long‐term administration, but only in the cerebral cortex after a single dose. GABA levels showed an increase in the brainstem only in acute experiments. Glutamine synthetase activity was increased in all three regions after a single dose and only in cerebral cortex after long‐term administration. Glutaminase activity showed a decrease in cerebral cortex only after long‐term administration of the drug. These results suggest the possible occurrence of a state of increased excitability in the brain as a result of long‐term administration of chlorpromazine, thus contributing to the known complication of seizures.
https://onlinelibrar....1976.tb00053.x
DEPOSITS IN THE LENS AND CORNEA OF THE EYE DURING LONG‐TERM CHLORPROMAZINE MEDICATION
Abstract
Thirty patients on long‐term treatment with chlorpromazine in moderate doses showed deposits in the lens, and the majority of the patients also showed deposits in the cornea.
These deposits did not increase in the 13 patients who continued on chlorpromazine during an observation period of 31/2 years. Thus, when chlorpromazine is used in moderate doses, the deposits in the eyes seem to increase only up to a certain extent.
Twelve patients who were switched over to thioridazine showed no change in the deposition in the lens and cornea after the observation period, indicating that the deposits are irreversible.
After the observation period visual acuity had deteriorated somewhat in the material as a whole, presumably because of advancing age, not because of the deposits.
The risk of using chlorpromazine in moderate dosage is slight.
Side effects
Common side effects include movement problems, sleepiness, dry mouth, low blood pressure upon standing, and increased weight. Serious side effects may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and low white blood cell levels. Chlorpromazine is in the typical antipsychotic class. Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to its ability as a dopamine antagonist. It also has anti-serotonergic and antihistaminergic properties. Wiki
https://www.ehealthm...e/side-effects/
Most common side effects over time : (Subjective reports from patients)
< 1 month:
⦁ Bradycardia (abnormally slow heart action)
⦁ Sopor (sleep)
⦁ Hepatitis fulminant (life-threatening condition defined by significantly impaired liver function)
⦁ Altered state of consciousness (altered state of mind)
⦁ Anxiety
⦁ Atonic seizures (minor type of seizure)
⦁ Blood creatine increased
⦁ Chronic kidney disease
⦁ Drug-induced liver injury (diseases of the liver that are caused by physician-prescribed medications)
1 - 6 months:
⦁ Abdominal pain
⦁ Aggression
⦁ Alanine aminotransferase increased
⦁ Anger
⦁ Cerebral infarction (less blood supply to brain resulting tissue damage)
⦁ Coma (state of unconsciousness lasting more than six hours)
⦁ Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (bleeding gastrointestinal tract)
⦁ Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar)
1.29% reported anxiety as a side effect.
Drug Insert information
https://dailymed.nlm...dience=consumer
Chlorpromazine has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity; ganglionic blocking action is relatively slight. It also possesses slight antihistaminic and antiserotonin activity. (research strongly disagrees).
For the short-term treatment of hyperactive children.
May Cause;
Tardive Dyskinesia
Given the likelihood that some patients exposed chronically to antipsychotics will develop tardive dyskinesia, it is advised that all patients in whom chronic use is contemplated be given, if possible, full information about this risk.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
A potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with antipsychotic drugs. Clinical manifestations of NMS are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmias).
Leukopenia, Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
In clinical trial and postmarketing experience, events of leukopenia/neutropenia and agranulocytosis have been reported related to antipsychotic agents. (low white blood cell count)
Antipsychotic drugs elevate prolactin levels; the elevation persists during chronic administration. Tissue culture experiments indicate that approximately 1/3 of human breast cancers are prolactin-dependent
Chlorpromazine diminishes the effect of oral anticoagulants.
Concomitant administration with propranolol results in increased plasma levels of both drugs.
Long-Term Therapy
To lessen the likelihood of adverse reactions related to cumulative drug effect, patients with a history of long-term therapy with chlorpromazine and/or other antipsychotics should be evaluated periodically to decide whether the maintenance dosage could be lowered or drug therapy discontinued.
Abrupt Withdrawal
Like other phenothiazines, chlorpromazine is not known to cause psychic dependence and does not produce tolerance or addiction. There may be, however, following abrupt withdrawal of high-dose therapy, some symptoms resembling those of physical dependence such as gastritis, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and tremulousness. These symptoms can usually be avoided or reduced by gradual reduction of the dosage or by continuing concomitant anti-parkinsonism agents for several weeks after chlorpromazine is withdrawn.
Watch for jaundice, low white blood cell count, EKG Changes (Q and T wave distortions) (Note: Sudden death, apparently due to cardiac arrest, has been reported.), Motor Restlessness, Pseudo-parkinsonism,
Special Considerations In Long-Term Therapy
Skin pigmentation and ocular changes have occurred in some patients taking substantial doses of chlorpromazine for prolonged periods.
Ocular Changes
Ocular changes have occurred more frequently than skin pigmentation and have been observed both in pigmented and nonpigmented patients receiving chlorpromazine usually for 2 years or more in dosages of 300 mg daily and higher. Eye changes are characterized by deposition of fine particulate matter in the lens and cornea.
Psychotic Disorders
Increase dosage gradually until symptoms are controlled. Maximum improvement may not be seen for weeks or even months. Continue optimum dosage for 2 weeks; then gradually reduce dosage to the lowest effective maintenance level.